Bio-fuels as Alternative fuels for Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract:-

            The petroleum based fuels used for Internal Combustion Engines steadily achieving a steep pricing demand because of the Industrialization of the world. These petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited resources. These limited resources are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. So, countries not having these resources are facing energy/ foreign exchange crises mainly due to the import of crude petroleum. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally with in the country such as alcohol, bio diesel, vegetable oil etc. The present paper attempts to review critically on the aspects of production, characterization and the status of vegetable oil and bio diesel. This paper also reviews the experimental research work carried out on these fuels in various countries. The world resources of primary energy and the raw materials are limited. According to an estimate the reserves will lost for 218 years for coal, 41 years for oil, and 63 years for natural gas. The global population of motor vehicles on the roads to day is 1⁄2 a billion which is more than 10 times higher than what was in 1950.

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Saturation Temperature of Water

     For pure water, the boiling point is 100 degrees Celsius (212 Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure, and the melting point is 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) at one atmosphere of pressure. At  at high altitudes the lower pressure makes the boiling point several degrees lower. For example, in Denver, Colorado, the boiling point is about 95°C or 203°F. 

      For saltwater, the boiling point is raised, and the melting point is lowered. By how much depends on how much salt there is. I’ll assume the salt is sodium chloride, NaCl (table salt). The melting point is lowered by 1.85 degrees Celsius if 29.2 grams of salt are dissolved in each Kg of water (called a "0.5 molal solution" of salt. The Na and Cl dissociate right away when dissolved, and so for a 0.5 molal solution of salt, there is a 1.0 molal concentration of ions). The boiling point is raised by 0.5 degrees Celsius for water with 29.2 grams of salt dissolved in each kg of water.

     If your concentrations of salt are different, then you can scale the boiling point elevation and melting point depression predictions directly with the concentration.

What is Mechanical Engineering ?

     

     Mechanical engineering is an engineering discipline that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with materials science to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines.

    The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis, and electricity. In addition to these core principles, mechanical engineers use tools such as computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and product life cycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, transport systems, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices, weapons, and others. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery.

     Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century; however, its development can be traced back several thousand years around the world. In the 19th century, developments in physics led to the development of mechanical engineering science. The field has continually evolved to incorporate advancements; today mechanical engineers are pursuing developments in such areas as composites, mechatronics, and nanotechnology. It also overlaps with aerospace engineering, metallurgical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, manufacturing engineering, chemical engineering, industrial engineering, and other engineering disciplines to varying amounts. Mechanical engineers may also work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with bio mechanics, transport phenomena, bio mechatronics, bio nanotechnology, and modelling of biological systems.